Measurement Scales
Serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM)
Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. A. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40 (1), 47-68.
Abstract: In this investigation, the serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM) was developed from convenience and target samples. The multidimensional framework of Serious Leisure (Stebbins, 2001d) contains six qualities from which eighteen operations were employed. With the use of a q-sort, an expert panel, and confirmatory factor analysis, the 72 item SLIM demonstrated acceptable fit, reliability and equivalence across samples. Mean differences and correlation patterns found between samples demonstrated preliminary evidence for the predictive ability of the new measure. The SLIM short form (54 items) demonstrated good model fit and construct validity. Future replicationsare needed to adequately address the psychometric complexities of the SLIM within the nomological network of leisure behavior.
Keywords: serious leisure; scale development; confirmatory factor analysis
Abstract: In this investigation, the serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM) was developed from convenience and target samples. The multidimensional framework of Serious Leisure (Stebbins, 2001d) contains six qualities from which eighteen operations were employed. With the use of a q-sort, an expert panel, and confirmatory factor analysis, the 72 item SLIM demonstrated acceptable fit, reliability and equivalence across samples. Mean differences and correlation patterns found between samples demonstrated preliminary evidence for the predictive ability of the new measure. The SLIM short form (54 items) demonstrated good model fit and construct validity. Future replicationsare needed to adequately address the psychometric complexities of the SLIM within the nomological network of leisure behavior.
Keywords: serious leisure; scale development; confirmatory factor analysis
The SLIM in other languages
Turkish – Akyıldız Munusturlar, M., & Argan, M. (2016). Development of the serious and casual leisure measure/Ciddi ve Kayıtsız Boş Zaman Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi, World Leisure Journal, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2015.1126759.
Spanish – Romero, S., Iraurgi, I., & Madariaga, A. (2017). Valoración psicométrica de la versión española del SLIM (Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure) en contextos deportivos. Revista de Psicología del Deporte/Journal of Sport Psychology, 26(2), 63-70.
Portuguese – Doll, J., Stigger, M. P., Neves de Oliveira, S., de Souza, L. K., Pacheco, A. C., Anater, L. S. T., & Sbicigo, J. B. (2018). Inventário do lazer sério: Adaptação transcultural e evidências de validade do serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM). Movimento: Revista da Escola de Educação Física, 24(4), 1139-1154.
Spanish – Romero, S., Iraurgi, I., & Madariaga, A. (2017). Valoración psicométrica de la versión española del SLIM (Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure) en contextos deportivos. Revista de Psicología del Deporte/Journal of Sport Psychology, 26(2), 63-70.
Portuguese – Doll, J., Stigger, M. P., Neves de Oliveira, S., de Souza, L. K., Pacheco, A. C., Anater, L. S. T., & Sbicigo, J. B. (2018). Inventário do lazer sério: Adaptação transcultural e evidências de validade do serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM). Movimento: Revista da Escola de Educação Física, 24(4), 1139-1154.
Serious leisure and recreational specialization
Tsaur, S-H., & Liang, Y-W. (2008). Serious leisure and recreation specialization. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 325-341.
Abstract: Most previous research concerning serious leisure has focused on testing the nature of activities using six distinctive qualities proposed by Robert Stebbins. Viewed from a different perspective, our study treats serious leisure as a type of personal characteristic. We tested the causal relationships between serious leisure and recreation specialization. This paper describes how serious leisure has a positive relationship with recreation specialization. Having a career in a recreational endeavor, making significant personal efforts and identifying strongly with the activity are the major predictors of recreation specialization. All of the qualities of serious leisure that were evaluated with the exception of the unique ethos were found to be positively related to past experience and centrality-to-lifestyle.
Keywords: birdwatchers; learning; recreation; Taiwan
Abstract: Most previous research concerning serious leisure has focused on testing the nature of activities using six distinctive qualities proposed by Robert Stebbins. Viewed from a different perspective, our study treats serious leisure as a type of personal characteristic. We tested the causal relationships between serious leisure and recreation specialization. This paper describes how serious leisure has a positive relationship with recreation specialization. Having a career in a recreational endeavor, making significant personal efforts and identifying strongly with the activity are the major predictors of recreation specialization. All of the qualities of serious leisure that were evaluated with the exception of the unique ethos were found to be positively related to past experience and centrality-to-lifestyle.
Keywords: birdwatchers; learning; recreation; Taiwan
Measuring serious leisure in chess: Model confirmation and method bias
Gould, J. Moore, D., Karlin, N. J. Gaede, D. B., Walker, J. & Dotterweich, A. R. (2011). Measuring serious leisure in chess: Model confirmation and method bias. Leisure Sciences, 33(4), 332-340.
Abstract: The serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM) was tested with 348 chess players to confirm the factors, assess the effects of method bias, and propose a set of the best-performing items for the 18 factor SLIM. The 54-item SLIM demonstrated acceptable fit and reliability values. The effect of method bias was evidenced in the sample and explained one-third of the variance. Inspection of factor loadings, when controlling for method bias, yielded one best-performing item per factor. Findings indicate method bias continues to be problematic for self-report measures such as the SLIM.
Keywords: chess; confirmatory factor analysis; method bias; serious leisure
Abstract: The serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM) was tested with 348 chess players to confirm the factors, assess the effects of method bias, and propose a set of the best-performing items for the 18 factor SLIM. The 54-item SLIM demonstrated acceptable fit and reliability values. The effect of method bias was evidenced in the sample and explained one-third of the variance. Inspection of factor loadings, when controlling for method bias, yielded one best-performing item per factor. Findings indicate method bias continues to be problematic for self-report measures such as the SLIM.
Keywords: chess; confirmatory factor analysis; method bias; serious leisure
The recreational sport participation scale
Mueller, T.S. (2012). The recreational sport participation scale: Development, testing and practical application. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(3/4), 144-158.
Abstract: Participation in recreational sport is growing dramatically on a global basis and attracts millions of athletes. Sport event managers are consistently working to employ techniques that attract participants and increase economic impact. In order better understand recreational sport athletes, scholars and practitioners contend that research is needed to substantiate a comprehensive measurement with multiple variables. This study adhered to a multistage research design to develop and test the reliability and validity of a recreational sport participation scale (RSPS). Recreational sport was explored through active, serious and casual leisure. The proposed scale indicated five significant facets (‘challenge’, ‘victory’, ‘sensory’, ‘workout’ and ‘social’). The dimensions were tested through confirmatory factor analysis and produced acceptable reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit. Event promoters are encouraged to utilise the recreational sport participation scale to benchmark and measure the dimensions of motivation among recreationists. Marketing messages designed for distinct sport subcultures will aid in attracting sponsors and assist in increasing consumption values among this desirable segment of consumers.
Keywords: sport participation; recreational sport; sport events; recreational sport athletes; recreational sport participation scale; leisure sport; event promoters; sport subcultures; sport involvement; sport motivation.
Mueller, T.S. (2012). The recreational sport participation scale: Development, testing and practical application. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(3/4), 144-158.
Abstract: Participation in recreational sport is growing dramatically on a global basis and attracts millions of athletes. Sport event managers are consistently working to employ techniques that attract participants and increase economic impact. In order better understand recreational sport athletes, scholars and practitioners contend that research is needed to substantiate a comprehensive measurement with multiple variables. This study adhered to a multistage research design to develop and test the reliability and validity of a recreational sport participation scale (RSPS). Recreational sport was explored through active, serious and casual leisure. The proposed scale indicated five significant facets (‘challenge’, ‘victory’, ‘sensory’, ‘workout’ and ‘social’). The dimensions were tested through confirmatory factor analysis and produced acceptable reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and model fit. Event promoters are encouraged to utilise the recreational sport participation scale to benchmark and measure the dimensions of motivation among recreationists. Marketing messages designed for distinct sport subcultures will aid in attracting sponsors and assist in increasing consumption values among this desirable segment of consumers.
Keywords: sport participation; recreational sport; sport events; recreational sport athletes; recreational sport participation scale; leisure sport; event promoters; sport subcultures; sport involvement; sport motivation.
Reinventory of the SLS: Development of SLSII
Kim, M. L. (2015). Reinventory of the SLS: Development of SLSII. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 54(2), 313-322.
A copy of the scale is available here.
Abstract: The current study reviewed critical issues of several serious leisure measures with a purpose to refine the serious leisure scale (SLS) pertaining to the characteristics of serious leisure. The review of the most commonly known scales in the extant literatures include the serious leisure sports experience scale (SLSES), serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM), and the serious leisure scale (SLS). The review results generated meaningful insights that supplemented the serious leisure scale and further examination of reliability and validity tests provided empirical evidence to support the scale. The SLS reconstruction process involved six serious leisure experts to redefine scale dimensions, serious leisure qualities, and measurement items. Total of three hundred and eighty subjects participating in leisure sport activities were surveyed for statistical analysis. The analysis results indicated six serious leisure qualities (i.e., perseverance, leisure career, personal effort, durable benefits, leisure identity, and unique ethos). The serious leisure scale was finally redefined and labeled as the serious leisure scale II (SLSII). This particular scale may significantly contribute to research development in the domain of leisure studies in general and serious leisure in particular.
Key words: Serious leisure, serious leisure scale, scale development
Kim, M. L. (2015). Reinventory of the SLS: Development of SLSII. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 54(2), 313-322.
A copy of the scale is available here.
Abstract: The current study reviewed critical issues of several serious leisure measures with a purpose to refine the serious leisure scale (SLS) pertaining to the characteristics of serious leisure. The review of the most commonly known scales in the extant literatures include the serious leisure sports experience scale (SLSES), serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM), and the serious leisure scale (SLS). The review results generated meaningful insights that supplemented the serious leisure scale and further examination of reliability and validity tests provided empirical evidence to support the scale. The SLS reconstruction process involved six serious leisure experts to redefine scale dimensions, serious leisure qualities, and measurement items. Total of three hundred and eighty subjects participating in leisure sport activities were surveyed for statistical analysis. The analysis results indicated six serious leisure qualities (i.e., perseverance, leisure career, personal effort, durable benefits, leisure identity, and unique ethos). The serious leisure scale was finally redefined and labeled as the serious leisure scale II (SLSII). This particular scale may significantly contribute to research development in the domain of leisure studies in general and serious leisure in particular.
Key words: Serious leisure, serious leisure scale, scale development
Development and validation of the serious and casual leisure (SCLM).
Munusturlar, M.A., & Argan, M. (2016). Development of the serious and casual leisure measure. World Leisure Journal, 58(2), 124-141. DOI: 10.1080/16078055.2015.1126759
The aim of this study is to test if there are different qualities of serious leisure in a Turkish sample and to develop a valid and reliable serious and casual leisure measure (SCLM) using data from both casual and serious leisure participants. With the use of focus groups, an expert panel, a pilot study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a 9-factor model with 42 items demonstrated acceptable fit and reliability values. Besides six dimensions of serious leisure set out by Stebbins [(1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. The Pacific Sociological Review, 25 (2), 251–272], two new qualities – personality congruence and sense of competence – not previously discussed in the serious leisure literature emerged in this study. In addition, durable benefits, one of the qualities of serious leisure, was divided into two interpretable factors and they were labelled as therapeutic benefits and psycho-social benefits.
Munusturlar, M.A., & Argan, M. (2016). Development of the serious and casual leisure measure. World Leisure Journal, 58(2), 124-141. DOI: 10.1080/16078055.2015.1126759
The aim of this study is to test if there are different qualities of serious leisure in a Turkish sample and to develop a valid and reliable serious and casual leisure measure (SCLM) using data from both casual and serious leisure participants. With the use of focus groups, an expert panel, a pilot study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a 9-factor model with 42 items demonstrated acceptable fit and reliability values. Besides six dimensions of serious leisure set out by Stebbins [(1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. The Pacific Sociological Review, 25 (2), 251–272], two new qualities – personality congruence and sense of competence – not previously discussed in the serious leisure literature emerged in this study. In addition, durable benefits, one of the qualities of serious leisure, was divided into two interpretable factors and they were labelled as therapeutic benefits and psycho-social benefits.
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Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer...
Gallant, K., Smale, B., & Arai, S. (2016): Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The obligation to volunteer as commitment (OVC) and obligation to volunteer as duty (OVD) scales. Leisure Studies. DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2016.1182204
Abstract
While definitions of volunteering centre on the concepts of freedom and choice, in practice volunteering can be imbued with aspects of obligation. This paper describes the development of measures of feelings of obligation to volunteer. As a foundation for scale development, a literature review of feelings of obligation to volunteer suggested two dimensions of obligation: commitment, related to the devotion of volunteers who engage in serious leisure and the rewards that result, and including sub-dimensions of reward, affective attachment, flexibility and side bets; and duty, related to volunteers’ feelings of being burdened by their volunteer pursuits, comprised of the sub-dimensions of expectation, burden and constraint. These two distinct dimensions of obligation to volunteer evolved as two measures in a scale development process that included review of potential items by subject experts and volunteers, exploratory factor analyses of potential items using data from a student sample and validation of the scale with a volunteer sample.
Gallant, K., Smale, B., & Arai, S. (2016): Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The obligation to volunteer as commitment (OVC) and obligation to volunteer as duty (OVD) scales. Leisure Studies. DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2016.1182204
Abstract
While definitions of volunteering centre on the concepts of freedom and choice, in practice volunteering can be imbued with aspects of obligation. This paper describes the development of measures of feelings of obligation to volunteer. As a foundation for scale development, a literature review of feelings of obligation to volunteer suggested two dimensions of obligation: commitment, related to the devotion of volunteers who engage in serious leisure and the rewards that result, and including sub-dimensions of reward, affective attachment, flexibility and side bets; and duty, related to volunteers’ feelings of being burdened by their volunteer pursuits, comprised of the sub-dimensions of expectation, burden and constraint. These two distinct dimensions of obligation to volunteer evolved as two measures in a scale development process that included review of potential items by subject experts and volunteers, exploratory factor analyses of potential items using data from a student sample and validation of the scale with a volunteer sample.
Development and validation of a scale to measure tourists’ serious/casual participation (SCPS)
Tsaur, S.-H. & Huang, C.-C. (2018). Serious tourists or casual tourists? Development and validation of a scale to measure tourists’ serious/casual participation. Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2018.1495697
Abstract
Past research indicated that understanding tourist participation could assist in predicting tourists’ psychological and behavioural outcomes. However, few studies have explored tourist participation from the perspectives of serious and casual participation. By extending theories of serious and casual leisure, this research confirmed that tourist participation in tourism activities varies along double independent continuous scales including serious and casual participation, and developed a serious/casual participation scale (SCPS) to assess tourist participation. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, two tourist samples were collected to validate a hierarchical model of the SCPS, with two overarching second-order factors including both serious and casual participation items. The results showed that the SCPS had good fit, reliability, and validity. The findings provide ways to segment tourist markets based on tourist participation, and further expand academically the current knowledge of serious and casual participation.
Tsaur, S.-H. & Huang, C.-C. (2018). Serious tourists or casual tourists? Development and validation of a scale to measure tourists’ serious/casual participation. Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2018.1495697
Abstract
Past research indicated that understanding tourist participation could assist in predicting tourists’ psychological and behavioural outcomes. However, few studies have explored tourist participation from the perspectives of serious and casual participation. By extending theories of serious and casual leisure, this research confirmed that tourist participation in tourism activities varies along double independent continuous scales including serious and casual participation, and developed a serious/casual participation scale (SCPS) to assess tourist participation. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, two tourist samples were collected to validate a hierarchical model of the SCPS, with two overarching second-order factors including both serious and casual participation items. The results showed that the SCPS had good fit, reliability, and validity. The findings provide ways to segment tourist markets based on tourist participation, and further expand academically the current knowledge of serious and casual participation.
Leisure abandonment scale validity and reliability analysis
Özdemir, A. S., Ayyıldız Durhan, T., & Karaküçük, S. (2020). Etkinlikten vazgeçme ölçeği geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. OPUS–Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(23), 1940-1958. DOI: 10.26466-/opus.689357. (in Turkish with extended abstract in English)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to give validity and reliability analysis of the leisure abandonment to the literature. The research is based on the analysis made in the light of the data collected from 593 students using the test retest method. The data were subjected to KMO-Barlett test with 293 participants and the exploratory factor analysis was used after the determination of the sample size (.92; 2232,957, p <0.001). A valid structure was tried to be constructed with exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability coefficients were determined to be about .92 and .79, respectively. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, the cut-off value was taken as .30 and it was found that the variance value was 64.96% in total. After the second data collection performed on 300 participants with test retest method, the structure was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis appears to provide evidence for construct validity (RMSEA .062, SRMR 0.033, NFI 0.98, CFI 0.99, NNFI 0.98, x2/df 2.13). As a result, it was determined that the measurement tool which was developed to determine the discontinuation of the participants was a valid and reliable tool for measuring the phenomenon of discontinuation of activity.
Özdemir, A. S., Ayyıldız Durhan, T., & Karaküçük, S. (2020). Etkinlikten vazgeçme ölçeği geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. OPUS–Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(23), 1940-1958. DOI: 10.26466-/opus.689357. (in Turkish with extended abstract in English)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to give validity and reliability analysis of the leisure abandonment to the literature. The research is based on the analysis made in the light of the data collected from 593 students using the test retest method. The data were subjected to KMO-Barlett test with 293 participants and the exploratory factor analysis was used after the determination of the sample size (.92; 2232,957, p <0.001). A valid structure was tried to be constructed with exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability coefficients were determined to be about .92 and .79, respectively. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, the cut-off value was taken as .30 and it was found that the variance value was 64.96% in total. After the second data collection performed on 300 participants with test retest method, the structure was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis appears to provide evidence for construct validity (RMSEA .062, SRMR 0.033, NFI 0.98, CFI 0.99, NNFI 0.98, x2/df 2.13). As a result, it was determined that the measurement tool which was developed to determine the discontinuation of the participants was a valid and reliable tool for measuring the phenomenon of discontinuation of activity.
Leisure Activity Participation Scale (LAPS)
Şimşek, K. Y., & Çevik, H. (2020). Development of the leisure activity participation scale (LAPS). Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 43(1), 98-115, DOI:10.1080/07053436.2020.1727661.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify key structures associated with leisure activity participation and develop a valid and reliable scale to measure leisure activity participation. The dimensions related to leisure activity participation were determined as a result of a literature review and focus group. Research data from two different samples were interpreted by exploratory factor analysis (n=243) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=336). Analysis results revealed eight dimensions related to leisure activity participation: relaxing, developmental, socializing, activity with an attractive environment, productive, aesthetic, entertaining, and exciting activity. The validity of the scale was evaluated by content, convergent, and discriminant validity tests. Internal consistency and stability were tested through Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlation coefficients. It was concluded that a valid and reliable measuring instrument had been developed.
Keywords: activity; leisure; participation; scale development
Şimşek, K. Y., & Çevik, H. (2020). Development of the leisure activity participation scale (LAPS). Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 43(1), 98-115, DOI:10.1080/07053436.2020.1727661.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify key structures associated with leisure activity participation and develop a valid and reliable scale to measure leisure activity participation. The dimensions related to leisure activity participation were determined as a result of a literature review and focus group. Research data from two different samples were interpreted by exploratory factor analysis (n=243) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=336). Analysis results revealed eight dimensions related to leisure activity participation: relaxing, developmental, socializing, activity with an attractive environment, productive, aesthetic, entertaining, and exciting activity. The validity of the scale was evaluated by content, convergent, and discriminant validity tests. Internal consistency and stability were tested through Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlation coefficients. It was concluded that a valid and reliable measuring instrument had been developed.
Keywords: activity; leisure; participation; scale development