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Akyildiz, M. (2013). The relationship between serious and casual participants’ personality characteristics with leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction. PhD dissertation, School of Physical Education and Sport, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey. (in Turkish)
Alasuutari, P., Luomanen, J., & Peteri, V. (2013). Hobbies and vices, book lovers and nerds: Discursive management of the digital media environment. Television and New Media September, 14(5), 457-475.
Allaby, M., & Shannon, C. S. (2020). “I just want to keep in touch”: Adolescents’ experiences with leisure-related smartphone use. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(3), 245-263, DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2019.1672506.
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Arnegger, J., Herz, M., & Campbell, M. (2024). Mass ecotourism, media, and wildlife experience. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 45, 100732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100732.
Attwood, F., & Smith, C. (2013). Leisure sex: More sex! Better sex! Sex is fucking brilliant! Sex, sex, sex, SEX. In Blackshaw, T. (Ed.), Routledge handbook of leisure studies (pp. 325-336). London: Routledge.
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Beedie, P. (2008). Adventure tourism as a ‘new frontier’ in leisure. World Leisure Journal, 50(3), 173-183.
Berdychevsky, L., & Gibson, H. (2015). Women's sexual sensation seeking and risk taking in leisure travel. Journal of Leisure Research, 47, 621-646.
Berdychevsky, L., & Nimrod, G. (2015). “Let's talk about sex": Discussions in seniors' online communities. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(4), 467-484.
Bergstrom, K. (2018). Barriers to play: Accounting for non-participation in digital game play. Feminist Media Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14680777.2018.1484790.
Brabham, D. C. (2012). The myth of amateur crowds. Information, Communication & Society, 15(3), 394-410.
Bramante, C A. (1999). O lazer levado a sério. Agitação. São Paulo: CIEE Nacional.
Brett-MacLean, P. J. (2007). Art(ists) in the making: Exploring narratives of coming to art in later life. Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of British Columbia (Canada).
Budhathoki, N. R., & Haythornthwaite, C. (2013). Motivation for open collaboration: Crowd and community models and the case of OpenStreetMap. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(5), 548-575.
Caldwell, L. L. (2011). Leisure. In B. B. Brown & M. J. Prinstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence, Vol. 2, (pp. 169-177). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Chen, C.-C., & Liao, Y.-S. (2019) From satisfaction to satiation: The gradation model of satiation in casual leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(2), 233-246, DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2018.1496462.
Choi, S-H. (2003). Investigation of the ‘serious leisure’ and ‘casual leisure.’ Korean Journal of Physical Education, 42, 489-496. (in Korean)
Chun, S., Heo, J., & Lee, Y (2023). Savouring the ordinary moments in the midst of trauma: Benefits of casual leisure on adjustment following traumatic spinal cord injury. Leisure Studies, 42(2), 253-267, DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2022.2097299.
Codina, N., Pestana, J. V., & Stebbins, R. A. (2017). Serious and casual leisure activities in the construction of young adult identity: A study based on participants’ self-descriptions. OBETS: Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 12(1), 65-80.
Cole, J., & Scott, D. (1999). Segmenting participation in wildlife watching: a comparison of casual wildlife watchers and serious birders. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 4(4), 44-61.
Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. doi:10.1080/01490409109513147.
Darcy, S., Maxwell, H., Grabowski, S. & Onyx, J. (2019). Artistic impact: From casual and serious leisure to professional career development in disability arts. Leisure Sciences, DOI:10.1080/01490400.2019.161346.
Dasylva, O. T. (2018). Determinants of leisure-time physical activity participation among African students attending a Canadian university. Masters thesis, Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
Dattilo, A. E. L., Ewert, A., & Dattilo, J. (2012). Learning as leisure: Motivation and outcome in adult free time learning. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 30(1), 1-18.
Davies, N. (2018) Who walks, where and why? Practitioners’ observations and perspectives on recreational walkers at UK tourist destinations. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(5), 553-574, DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2016.1250648
Davies, N. (2021). Understanding the diversity of recreational walking preferences and experiences: Casual and serious walkers in the English Lake district. In M. Baker, N. Carr, & E. J. Stewart (Eds.), Leisure activities in the outdoors: Learning, developing and challenging (Chap. 2). CABI: Wallingford, UK.
Davies, N. J., Lumsdon, L. M., & Weston, R. (2012). Developing recreational trails: Motivations for recreational walking. Tourism Planning & Development, 9 (1), 77-88.
Derom, I., & Taks, M. (2011). Participants' experiences in two types of sporting events: A quest for evidence of the SL-CL continuum. Journal of Leisure Research, 43, 383-402.
Downward, P., & Lumsdon, L. (2001). The development of recreational cycle routes: An evaluation of user needs. Managing Leisure, 6(1), 50-60.
Drozda, C. (2004). Lifestyles of youth in auto theft: An exploratory study. Masters thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Calgary (Canada).
Duan, Z. G., He, Y., & Qiu, J. G. (2024). Tracing the pioneers: Ballroom dance instructors and “taxi-dance girls” in modern Chinese leisure sports. Sport History Review, 55(2), 146-172, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2023-0040.
Ellison, C. J., & White, A. L. (2017). Exploring leisure and retirement for people with intellectual disabilities. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(2), 188-205, DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2015.1122535
Elsweiler, D., Mandl, S., & Lunn, B. K. (2010). Understanding casual-leisure information needs: A diary study in the context of television viewing. IIiX’10 Proceedings of the third symposium on information interaction in context, pp. 25-34. New Brunswick, NJ, USA — August 18 - 21, 2010
Elsweiler, D., Wilson, M. L., & Lunn, B. K. (2011). Understanding casual-leisure information behaviour. New Directions in Information Behaviour, 1, 211-241.
Fawbert, J. (2006). Replica football shirts: Serious or casual leisure? In S. Elkington, I. Jones, & L. Lawrence, (Eds.). Serious leisure: Extensions and applications (pp. 123-144). Eastbourne, UK: LSA Publications, University of Brighton.
Fenech, A., & Baker, M. (2008). Casual leisure and sensory diet: A concept for improving quality of life in neuropalliative conditions. NeuroRehabilitation - An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23, 369-376.
Fenech, A. (2009). Interactive drama in complex neurological disability management. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(2), 118-130.
Fenech, A. (2010). Inspiring transformations through participation in drama for individuals with neuropalliative conditions. Journal of Applied Arts and Health, 1(1), 63-80.
Fenech, A. M. (2011). Aquatic leisure satisfaction and engagement in neuropalliative disability management. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 26(3):519-527. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00958.x.
Fenech, A. M. (2013). A study of engagement in casual leisure occupations by individuals who are living with neuropalliative conditions. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, Faculty of Health Sciences, UK.
Fenech, A. M. (2014). The value placed upon the facets that contribute to meaningful leisure by activity co-ordinators. Social Care and Neurodisability, 5(4). DOI: 10.1108/SCN-02-2014-0003.
Fenech, A. M. (2015). A study of engagement in active and passive roles in casual leisure occupations. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, (2):6. DOI: 10.15453/2168-6408.1134.
Fenech, A. M., & Fisher, K. L. S. (2013). Lifelong and therapeutic recreation and leisure. In N. D. Zasler, D. I. Katz & R. D. Zafonte (Eds.), Brain injury medicine: Principles and practice, 2nd ed. (pp. 1360-1372). New York: Demos Medical.
Finlay, A. K., Ram, N., Maggs, J. L., & Caldwell, L. L. (2012). Leisure activities, the social weekend, and alcohol use: Evidence from a daily study of
first-year college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73, 250-259.
Freitas, H., Henriques, S., Uvinha, R. R., Lusby, C., & Romera, L. (2020). Alcohol consumption and night-time leisure among Brazilian university students. International Journal of Sociology of Leisure, 3(4), 389–399.
Frew, E. A. (2006). Comedy festival attendance: Serious, project-based or casual leisure? In S. Elkington, I. Jones, & L. Lawrence (Eds.). Serious leisure: Extensions and applications (pp. 105-122). Eastbourne, UK: LSA Publications, University of Brighton.
Garcia, A. C. (2013). Explorers, detectives, matchmakers, and lion tamers: Understanding jigsaw puzzlers’ techniques and motivations. American Journal of Play, 5 (3), 308-332.
Garcia, A.C. (2016). An explorer in a cardboard land: Emotion, memory, and the embodied experience of doing jigsaw puzzles. International Journal of Play. DOI: 10.1080/21594937.2016.1203916
Gat, O. (2024). The leisure culture experiences of Bedouin children living in unregulated villages in the southern region (Negev) of the state of Israel. US-China Education Review A, 14(7), 411-432, doi: 10.17265/2161-623X/2024.07.001.
Ghvanidze S., Kang S. K., Ščasný M., Hanf, J. H. (2023). Profiling cannabis consumption motivation and situations as casual leisure. IES Working Papers 4/2024. IES FSV. Charles University, Czech Republic. (PDF) PROFILING CANNABIS CONSUMPTION MOTIVATION AND SITUATIONS AS CASUAL LEISURE. Available from:
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Ghvanidze, S., Ščasný, M., Kang, S. K. et al. (2024). Exploring motivations for cannabis use in casual leisure: A German perspective. International Journal of Sociology of Leisure (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-024-00173-1.
Gökçek, V., & Tavacıoğlu, L., (2018). A quantitative analysis on leisure participation of Turkish seafarers by structural equation modeling. Engineering Sciences (NWSAENS), 13(2), 137-155, DOI: 10.12739/NWSA.2018.13.2.1A0408.
Griffin, M., Harvey, K., Gillett, J., & Andrews, G. (2022). Writing as/about leisure: Connecting with oneself and others through creative practice. Leisure Sciences, 44(7), 862-880, DOI: 10.1080/01490400.2019.1694609.
Güler, O., & Haseki, M. I. (2021). Positive psychological impacts of cooking during the covid-19 lockdown period: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(635957), doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635957.
Gunawan, T. K., & Ariaji, P. E. (2022). Penerapan metode fenomenologi bioinspired pada desain fasilitas rekreasi kasual multisensori alam indonesia di jalan jaksa, jakarta pusat. Stupa, 4(2), 2689-2704, doi: 10.24912/stupa.v4i2. 22237 | 2689. (In Indonesian with English abstract)
Gyimóthy, S. (2009). Casual observers, connoisseurs and experimentalists: A conceptual exploration of niche festival visitors. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2-3), 177-205.
Hall, J., Stickler, U., Herodotou, C., & Iacovides. I. (2019). Player conceptualizations of creativity in digital entertainment games. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, DOI: 10.1177/1354856519880791.
Hayatu, M. M. (2018). Exploring social spaces for information activities among social actors at mai-shayi joints (tea shops) in Samaru community, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Ph.D thesis, School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Henderson, S., & Spracklen, K. (2017). ‘If I had my way, I’d have been a killer’: Songwriting and its motivations for leisure and work. Leisure/Loisir, 41(2), 231-247.
Heo, J., Kim, J., Kim, B., & Heo, S. (2014). Weekend experiences and subjective well-being of retired older adults. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(4), 598-604.
Heo, J., Lee, Y., Kim, B., & Chun, S. (2012). Contribution of relaxation on the subjective well-being of older adults. Activities, Adaptation, & Aging, 36(1), 1-10.
Hernández-López, E. M., & Urbar-Serrano, F. A. (2024). The impact of online informal learning of English (OILE) through fandom participation. Revista Lengua y Cultura Biannual Publication, 5(10), 92-98.
Hitchings, R., & Latham, A. (2017). How “social” is recreational running? Findings from a qualitative study in London and implications for public health promotion. Health & Place,46, 337–343.
Howat, G., & Brown, G. (2010). Hedonic and eudaimonic experiences among wellness tourists: An exploratory enquiry. Annals of Leisure Research 13(3), 541-562.
Hutchinson, S. L., & Kleiber, D. A. (2005). Gifts of the ordinary: Casual leisure’s contributions to health and well-being. World Leisure Journal, 47(3), 2-16.
Joseph, D., & Southcott, J. (2018). Meanings of leisure for older people: An Australian study of line dancing. Leisure Studies, online version, DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2018.1544655
Joulain, M., Martinent, G., Taliercio, A., Bailly, N., Ferrand, C., & Gana, K. (2017). Social and leisure activity profiles and well-being among the older adults: A longitudinal study. Aging & Mental Health, DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1394442.
Jun Wen, J., & Wu, M.-Y. (2020). How special is special interest tourism – and how special are special interest tourists? A perspective article in a Chinese context. Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1750575.
Kang, S., & James, P. (2020). Recreation specialization and serious leisure: examining visitors’ satisfaction and motivation with the skateboarding event. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research, 32(2), 315-340. 10.31336/JTLR.2020.2.32.2.315. In Korean with English abstract.
Kerins, A.J., Scott, D., & Shafer, C.S. (2007). Evaluating the efficacy of a self-classification measure of recreation specialization in the context of ultimate frisbee. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 25(3), 1-22.
Kerr, J. H., Fujiyama, H., & Campano, J. (2002). Emotion and stress in serious and hedonistic leisure sport activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 272-289.
Kılıç, M. & Keskin, C. (2023). Ev kadinlarinin serbest zaman yoksunluğunun incelenmesi: Düzce örneği. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 0(43), 603-632. DOI: 10.14520/adyusbd.1195742. (written entirely in Turkish)
Kim, B.-G., & Lee, S.-K. (2018). Psychological and physiological stress variations through casual and serious leisure. Tourism Review DOI: 10.1108/TR-08-2017-0129.
Kleiber, D. A. (2004). Reflections on the etiology of enduring interest. Boletín ADOZ, 28, 43-45.
Kooiman, B. J., & Sheehan, D. P. (2015). Interacting with the past, present, and future of exergames: At the beginning of a new life cycle of video games? Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 38(1), 55-73. DOI: 10.1080/07053436.2015.1006960
Kuentzel, W. F. (2012). Comment on Scott: Is integration better?” Leisure Sciences, 34, 375-376.
Larsen, E. N. (2013). Deviants or consenting adults: A human rights approach to defining and controlling deviant behavior. Sociology Mind, 3(1), 1-6.
Lee, Y., & Kim, M. (2017). Serious leisure characteristics of older adult volunteers: The case of an international sporting event. World Leisure Journal, online edition. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1080/16078055.2017.1305441
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Liechty, T., Genoe, M. R., & Marston, H. R. (2016). Physically active leisure and the transition to retirement: the value of context. Annals of Leisure Research, 26 May (online) DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2016.1187570.
Lin, W. C. (2009). A study of casual and serious golfers: Testing serious leisure theory (Doctoral dissertation). Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Lovelock, B., Jellum, C., & Carr, A. (2016). Pulling the pin on active outdoor leisure: Building an understanding of leisure abandonment from the narratives of outdoor recreationists. Leisure Sciences, online edition: DOI: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/10.1080/01490400.2016.1229640.
Lo Verde, F.M. (2013). Introduction Mcdonaldization, Ikeaization, Appleization of leisure time: Is it cool enough? In F.M. Lo Verde, I. Modi, & G. Cappello (Eds.), Mapping Leisure across Borders (pp. xvi-xxx). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
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MacCosham, B. (2015). Leisure Lifestyle and Casual Leisure’s Influence on Athletic Identity, Performance and Perception of Hockey in Dropout Amateur Junior Hockey Players. Master of Arts in Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Canada.
MacCosham, B., & Gravelle, F. (2016). Impact of casual leisure on serious leisure experiences and identity in a Canadian junior hockey context. Leisure/Loisir, 40(3), 325-343.
MacLean, S., Dwyer, R., Pennay, A., Savic, M., Wilkinson, C., Roberts, S., Turner, K., Saleeba, E., & Room, R. (2020): The ‘social worlds’ concept: A useful tool for public health-oriented studies of drinking cultures. Addiction Research & Theory, DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2020.1820491.
Mandin, T. G. (1998). Jazz as serious leisure. Masters thesis, Department of Physical Education and Recreational Studies. University of Manitoba (Canada).
Mansourian, Y. (2018). Information behaviours in the context of casual and serious leisure. Paper presented at School of Information Studies Research Seminars, Charles Sturt University. Wagga Wagga, Australia. Source: https://arts-ed.csu.edu.au/data/assets/pdf file/0003/3027198/SISRxSem2018. Mansourian.2May2018.Flyer1.pdf.
McCarville, R.E., Shaw, S.M., & Ritchie, M. (2013). Shopping as leisure: A study of avid shoppers. World Leisure Journal, 55(2), 167-178.
McDonald, R. E., Wagner, T., & Minor, M. S. (2008). Cheers! A means-end chain analysis of college students’ bar-choice motivations. Annals of Leisure Research, 11, 386-403.
Mckenzie, E., Hassiotis, A., Ali, A., & Tse, C. Y. (2019). A survey of befriending services for people with intellectual disabilities in the United Kingdom. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, doi: 10.1111/jppi.12387, online edition.
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Nimrod, G. (2014). The benefits of and constraints to participation in seniors’ online communities. Leisure Studies, 33, 247-266.
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Scott, D. (2012). Serious leisure and recreation specialization: An uneasy marriage. Leisure Sciences, 34, 366-371.
(see also) Stebbins, R. A. (2012). Comment on Scott: Recreation specialization and the CL-SL continuum. Leisure Sciences, 34, 372-374.
(see also) Kuentzel, W. F. (2012). Comment on Scott: Is integration better?” Leisure Sciences, 34, 375-376.
Shen, X. S., & Yarnal, C. (2010). Blowing open the serious leisure-casual leisure dichotomy: What's in there? Leisure Sciences, 32, 162-179.
Shinew, K. J., & Parry, D. C. (2005). Examining college students’ participation in the leisure pursuits of drinking and illegal drug use. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 364-387.
Şimşek, K. Y., & Çevik, H. (2020). Development of the leisure activity participation scale (LAPS). Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 43(1), 98-115, DOI:10.1080/07053436.2020.1727661.
Southby, K. (2019). An exploration and proposed taxonomy of leisure-befriending for adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, DOI: 10.1111/bld.12282.
Standridge, S. H., Dunlap, R., & Hamilton, G. (2019). Retirement and flow: Can the casual leisure pursuits of older adults in retirement create the experience of flow? Activities, Adaptation & Aging, DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2019.1651177.
Stebbins, R. A. (1996). Casual and serious leisure and post-traditional thought in the information age. World Leisure & Recreation, 38(3), 4-11.
Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Casual leisure: A conceptual statement. Leisure Studies, 16, 17-25.
Stebbins, R. A. (1998). After work: The search for an optimal leisure lifestyle. Calgary, AB: Detselig.
Stebbins, R. A. (2000). Optimal leisure lifestyle: Combining serious and casual leisure for personal well-being. In M. C. Cabeza (Ed.), Leisure and human development: Proposals for the 6th World Leisure Congress. (pp. 101-107). Bilbao, Spain: University of Deusto.
Stebbins, R. A. (2001). New directions in the theory and research of serious leisure. Mellen Studies in Sociology, 28. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.
Stebbins, R. A. (2001). The costs and benefits of hedonism: Some consequences of taking casual leisure seriously. Leisure Studies, 20, 305-309.
Stebbins, R. A. (2003). Casual leisure. In J. M. Jenkins & J. J. Pigram (Eds.), Encyclopedia of leisure and outdoor recreation (pp. 44-46). London: Routledge.
Stebbins, R.A. (2003). “Leisure Reflections” on relaxation. LSA Newsletter article, no. 4 (see Digital Library).
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